Chicago Style Citation Systems
Chicago citation style uses two basic citation systems:

I. Humanities System (Notes and Bibliographies):
This system is used for citing sources in literature, history and the arts.Superscript numbers are placed at the end of the last word of direct citations or paraphrased material.
Example: From the very beginning the method was considered controversial¹.

Note: that the numbers refer to, are arranged numerically either at the bottom of the page containing the cited material (footnotes), or at the end of the paper or its section (endnotes). Footnotes are separated from the text on the page by a typed line 1.5 inches long. In the endnotes list authors names are not inverted, as they are in a bibliography. The bibliography is placed at the end of the paper and includes alphabetically arranged entries with complete bibliographic information about the sources listed in the notes.
Due to its lack of use on campus, this system is not covered further.

II. Author-Date System (Text Citations and Reference Lists):
This system is used for citing sources in the physical, natural, and social sciences, engineering, and engineering technologies.

Text citations are also called parenthetical due to their placement inside parentheses directly after the cited or paraphrased material. They are very brief and usually include only the authors last name and publication year of the work cited, e.g.: (Brown 2005). Note the lack of punctuation between the authors name and the date.

"Author" in this case may also refer to an editor, translator, or compiler.

A page number(s), preceded by a comma, is added to the citation if it refers to a specific photograph, figure, or a section within a work, e.g.: (Brown 2005, 54).

If the authors name is mentioned in the text, there is no need to repeat it in the citation, e.g.: Baker (2006) comments on the changes which affect the ways knowledge is stored and transmitted.

The same rules apply to all formats of information sources, including electronic ones. For more examples see the Examples for Author-Date Citation System handout.

Text citations refer the reader to a complete list of cited sources (Reference list), which is located at the end of a research paper. The list should be arranged alphabetically by the last names of the authors, or by the titles of works, if the authors names are unavailable. Since text citations include publication date, the date in each citation in the Reference list appears directly after the authors name or the title of the work.

Entries in the Reference list should be single-spaced, with double spacing between entries (though this requirement may vary for each instructor). The first line of each entry should be indented 1/2 inches or 5 spaces.

Important Note: Chicago citation style uses two terms for the sources list: a Reference and a Bibliography. Both are placed at the end of the paper, but there is a difference between them: The Reference list includes only the works cited in the paper, while the Bibliography in addition lists the works consulted, but not cited.

This guide covers the Reference list only. For information on the Notes and Bibliographies system, see The Chicago Manual of Style mentioned above.

Citing Web Sites
Very often assignments call for using information from online sources. Some valuable information for research papers can be obtained from web sites, for example:

     - Government agency web sites: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): .gov
     - Organizations web sites: American Dental Association (ADA): .org
     - Company web sites: Ford Motor Company: .com
     - University web sites: University of Michigan: .edu

Citation of a web site should include:
     - Author (personal or corporate), if present
      -Publication year of the material used, if present
     - Title of the material used
     - Name of the creator or sponsor of the site
     - URL
     - Accession date (for time-sensitive materials)

Examples:
Thomas, M. 2007. Advances propel internal combustion engines into the future.
     Ford Motor Company web site. http://media.ford.com/newsroom/feature_
     display.cfm?release=24632.

American Dental Association. 2007. Osteonecrosis of the jaw. ADA web site. 
     http://www.ada.org/public/topics/osteonecrosis.asp. (accessed March 1,
     2007).

Citing Articles
Citing articles from different types of periodicals - journals, magazines or newspapers - can differ slightly. However there are common rules to follow when citing articles from printed and online periodicals:
     - Periodical title is italicized (NOT the article title)
     - Issue number is not included if the periodical has continuous pagination
     - Access date is added in the case of electronic time-sensitive materials

Citation of a journal article should include:
     - Authors name or authors names
     - Publication year 
     - Articles title and subtitle if present
     - Title of the periodical (in italics)
     - Volume
     - Issue (if journal is paginated by issue)
     - Page(s)
     - URL (for electronic journals)
     - Access date (for time-sensitive electronic materials)

Examples:
Remington, G., and S. Kapur. 2005. Remission: Whats in a name? American 
     Journal of Psychiatry 162:2393-94.
Note: no space between volume and page numbers.

Muroff, J.R., S.L. Hoerauf, and S.Y.H. Kim. 2006. Is psychiatric research stig-
     matized? An experimental survey of the public. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 32 (1): 
     129-136.
Note: space between issue and page numbers, when parenthetical information intervenes.

Hunsinger, P. R. 2006. Culture and cultural identity in intercultural technical com-
     munication. Technical Communication Quarterly, 15:31-48.
     http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=6&sid=109546ac-5f6d-48c5
     -bdc5-c1ccd88aa%40sessionmgr3.

Shatzer, M.B., E.L. George, and L. Wei. 2007. To pump or not to pump? Critical
     Care Nursing Quarterly. 30, no. 1 (Jan-March): 67-73. 
     http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=109&sid=065ccb71-dcec-
     450c-803b-a9d63f456f8e%40sessionmgr108. (accessed January 21, 2007).

Citation of a magazine article should also include:
     - Month of publication in addition to year
     Example:
     Ruvinsky, J. 2006. Brain scientists find single cells that can think. Discover,
          Jan.
     Note: name of the month can be abbreviated.

Citation of a newspaper article should also include:
     - Day of publication in addition to year and month
     Example:
     Hulse, C. 2005. Senate, in close vote, blocks oil drilling in Arctic. New York
          Times. Dec. 22.

Citing Books
Citation of a book should include enough information for an interested reader to find the book.

Citation of a book should include:
     - Name(s) of author(s) or editor(s), if present
     - Publication year 
     - Book title and subtitle, if present (in italics)
     - Facts of publication: city and publisher
     - URL (for electronic books)

Examples:
Kimmerer, R. W. 2003. Gathering moss: A natural and cultural history of mosses.
     Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univ. Press.
Note: If the publication place (city) may not be known to readers, abbreviation of state is added.

McDonald, R.E., D.R. Avery, and J.A. Dean, eds. 2004. Dentistry for the child and
     adolescent. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.

Oregon Dental Association. 1992. Dental officer safety and health manual. 
     Portland, OR: ODA.
Note: in case of corporate or organizational authorship the name of organization is included twice - as author and as publisher.

Columbus world travel guide. 2005. Kent: Highbury Columbus Travel Publications.
Note: when no author or editor is mentioned, citation starts with the book title.

Beaver, K., ed. 2003. Healthcare information systems. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach 
     Publications.

Levine, R.S. 1997. Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the politics of 
     representative identity. Chapell Hill, NC: The Univ. of North Carolina Press.
     http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/.

Citing Government Documents
Citation of a government document should include:
     - Country, state or city issuing the document
     - Legislative body, department, bureau, commission, or committee
     - Regional offices
     - Date (year)
     - Title of the document (in italics)
     - Individual author or editor, if present
     - Report number or any other identifying information
     - Publisher, if different from the issuing body
     - Page, if relevant

Example:
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environmental and Public Works. 2006. 
     Captive Primate Safety Act. 109th Cong., 2nd sess. 109-263.

Citing Motion Pictures
The Secret of Roan Inish. 2000. DVD. Directed by John Sayles. Culver City, CA: 
     Columbia TriStar Home Video.

Citing Personal Communications
Personal communications, such as personal interviews or e-mails, are rarely listed
     in References.

Last modified: April 2007.